Собака в калмыцком и тувинском фольклоре

Aleksey A. Burykin; Indzhir M. Boldyreva; Delyash N. Muzraeva

doi:10.25178/nit.2019.4.10

Authors

Aleksey A. Burykin Kalmyk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-2698
Indzhir M. Boldyreva Kalmyk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-7046
Delyash N. Muzraeva Kalmyk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8619-9369

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2019.4.10

Keywords:

dog; totemic animal; folklore; rites; wedding rites; signs; healing ability; Kalmyks; Tuvans

Abstract

The article analyzes folklore materials associated with the dog in the Kalmyk and Tuvan oral traditions. A comparative study of certain cultural elements of the closely related peoples allows, with due regard of common basic elements of community, to complete the general system of representations and concepts that constitute ethnic culture.

Due to the special role of the dog in the economy and culture of Kalmyks and Tuvans, the didactic narrative and pragmatics evidently prevail in the bulk of plots and motifs both in the Mongolian (Kalmyks) and Turkic (Tuvans) traditions, despite the observed commonness of other plots and motifs. The paper reveals certain correlations between images of the dog and the wolf. There are multiple stories describing a couple of dogs. ‘Four-eyed’ dogs (with spots above the eyes) are considered sacred. Dogs play a special role in national wedding rites.

The research materials include audio recordings of the 1960–1980s stored in the Scientific Archive of the Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as published samples of Tuvan fairy tales and epic genres.

References

Bakaeva, E. P. (2010) Dobuddiiskie verovaniya kalmykov [Pre-Buddhist beliefs of the Kalmyks]. In: Kalmyki [The Kalmyks]. Ed. by E. P. Bakaeva, N. L. Zhukovskaya. Miklouho-Maclay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology; Kalmyk Humanities Research Institute of RAS. Moscow, Nauka. 568 p. Pp. 429–465. (In Russ.).

Basangova, T. G. (2007) Obryadovaya poeziya kalmykov (sistema zhanrov, poetika) [Ceremonial poetry of the Kalmyks (system of genres, poetics)]. Elista: Kalm. Book Publ. 592 p. (In Russ. and Kalm.).

Boldyreva, I. M. (2014) Khal'mg keln ulsin iorlγna tuskar [Revisiting Kalmyk folk superstitious beliefs]. Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the RAS (Oriental Studies), no. 2, pp. 91–95. (In Russ.).

Burykin, A. A. (2001) Malye zhanry evenskogo fol'klora [Minor genres of Even folklore]. St. Petersburg, Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie. 224 p. (In Russ.).

Buryatskie narodnye skazki. Volshebnye. Bytovye [Buryat folk tales: magic and household ones] (2008). Ed. by L. S. Dampilova. Ulan-Ude, Buryat Scientific Center (Siberian Branch) of RAS. 188 p. (In Russ.).

Vladimirtsov, B. Ya. (2003) Raboty po literature mongol'skikh narodov [Works on literatures of Mongolic peoples]. Moscow, Vostochnaya Literatura. 608 p. (In Russ.).

Gerltsn suvsn (B. M. Sandzhievan bichülj avsn amn urn ügin kӧrngӓs) [The Glistering Pearl: folklore materials collected by B. M. Sandzhieva] (2014). Coll. by B. M. Sandzhieva. Recordings of 1972–1974. Introduction, comp., foreword., preparation of texts and suppl. by I. M. Boldyreva. Elista, Kalmyk Humanities Research Institute of RAS. 230 p. (In Kalm.).

Goryaeva, B. B., Boldyreva, I. M. (2017) «Yas kemӓlγn» — ‘Skazyvanie po kosti’ v ustnoi traditsii kalmykov 1960–1970-kh gg. [‘Bone divination narratives’ in the oral tradition of the Kalmyks: 1960s – 1970s]. Student. Aspirant. Issledovatel', no. 1 (19), pp. 79–87. (In Russ.).

Dushan, U. (2016) Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Comp. by Batyrov V. V., Sharaeva T. I. Elista, Kalmyk Humanities Research Institute of RAS. 376 p. (In Russ.).

Kalmytskie narodnye skazki [Kalmyk folk tales] (1978). Transl. from Kalmyk. Reprint. Elista, Kalm. Book Publ. 146 p. (In Russ.).

Kozin, S. A. (1941) Sokrovennoe skazanie. Mongol'skaya khronika 1240 g. pod nazvaniem [The Secret History of the Mongols: a 1240 Mongolian chronicle titled ‘Mongγol-un niγuča tobčiyan. Yuan' chao bi shi’]. A Mongolian mundane collection. Vol. 1: Introduction to studies of the monument. Translation, texts, glossaries. Moscow, Leningrad, USSR Academy of Sciences. 620 p. (In Russ.).

Mandzhieva, B. B. (2016) Traditsionnye formuly kalmytskoi bogatyrskoi skazki i geroicheskogo eposa «Dzhangar» [Traditional formulas of the Kalmyk heroic tale and heroic epos ‘Dzhangar’]. Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 12 (66 / in 4 vols.), vol. 3, pp. 39–42. (In Russ.).

Mednovolosaya devushka. Kalmytskie narodnye skazki [The Copper-Haired Girl: Kalmyk folk tales] (1964). Transl., comp. and comment. by M. Vatagin. Moscow, Nauka. 263 p. (In Russ.).

Mitirov, A. G. (1977) Kul'tura i byt kalmykov (etnograficheskie issledovaniya) [Culture and everyday life of the Kalmyks (ethnographic studies)]. Elista, KNIIYaLI. 113 p. (In Russ.).

Mify narodov mira. Entsiklopediya [Myths of the world. Encyclopedia] (1991). In 2 vols. Ed. by S. A. Tokarev. Moscow, Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. Vol. 1: ‘A–K’ (Korean mythology). 720 p. (In Russ.).

Mify, legendy, predaniya tuvintsev [Myths, legends and tales of the Tuvans] (2010). Ed. by V. V. Illarionov. Novosibirsk, Nauka. 372 p. (In Russ.).

Potapov L. P. (1969) Ocherki narodnogo byta tuvintsev [The Tuvans: sketches of folk lifestyles]. Moscow, Nauka, GRVL. 404 p. (In Russ.).

Samar, A. P. (2010) Traditsionnoe sobakovodstvo nanaitsev [Traditional dog breeding of the Nanai people]. Vladivostok, Dalnauka. 255 p. (In Russ.).

Sandalovyi larets [The Sandalwood Chest] (2002). Comp., transl., introduction, postlims by T. G. Basangova. Elista, Kalm. Book Publ. 239 p. (In Russ.).

Seren, P. S. (2015) Sobaka v semeinoi obryadnosti kobdoskikh tuvintsev v Mongolii [The dog in family rites of Khovd Tuvans, Mongolia]. In: Prirodnye usloviya, istoriya i kul'tura Zapadnoi Mongolii i sopredel'nykh regionov [Western Mongolia and adjacent regions: natural conditions, history and culture]. Proceedings of the 12th international scientific conference (Khovd, Mongoliya, September 18–21). Vol. II: Humanities and social sciences. Khovd; Tomsk, National Research Tomsk State University. 206 p. Pp. 154–154. (In Russ.).

Skorodumova, L. G. (2003) Skazki i mify Mongolii [Tales and myths of Mongolia]. Ulaanbaatar, Monsudar. 141 p. (In Russ.).

Taube, E. (1994) Skazki i predaniya altaiskikh tuvintsev [Tales and legends of the Altaian Tuvans]. Moscow, Nauka, GRVL. 382 p. (In Russ.).

Transgranichnaya kul'tura: Ocherki sravnitel'no-sopostavitel'nogo issledovaniya traditsii zapadnykh mongolov i kalmykov [Cross-border culture: comparative research sketches of traditions of the western Mongols and Kalmyks] (2016). E. P. Bakaeva et al. Elista, Kalmyk Scientific Center of RAS. 456 p. (In Russ.).

Tuvinskie geroicheskie skazaniya [Tuvan heroic tales] (1997). Ed. by V. M. Gatsak. Novosibirsk, Nauka. 584 p. (In Russ.).

Tuvinskie narodnye skazki [Tuvan folk tales] (1971). Transl., comp. and comment. by M. Vatagin. Moscow, Nauka, GRVL. 208 p. (In Russ.).

Tuvinskie narodnye skazki [Tuvan folk tales] (1994). Ed. by V. M. Gatsak. Novosibirsk, Nauka. 460 p. (In Russ.).

Utnasun O. (2015) B. Kh. Todaevan temdglsn «Nokha mis khoir» domgin tuskar [Revisiting The Tale of the Dog and the Cat recorded by B. Kh. Todaeva]. In: Mongolovedenie v nachale XXI veka: sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya [Mongol studies in the early 21st century: current state and development prospects]. Proceedings of the international scientific conference commemorating the 100th anniversary of Prof. B. Kh. Todaeva (Elista, April 23–26, 2015). In 2 vols. Ed. by N. G. Ochirova. Elista, Kalmyk Humanities Research Institute of RAS. Vol. II. 220 p. Pp. 62–66. (In Russ.).

Khal'mg ülgürmüdin boln tovchta ügmüdin tӓӓlvrtә tol' [Explanatory dictionary of Kalmyk proverbs and sayings] (2011). Comp. and foreword by U. U. Ochirov and L. S. Sangaev; ed. by E. U. Omakaeva. Elista, Dzhangar. 224 p. (In Russ.).

Yusha, Zh. M. (2008) Svadebnaya obryadnost' tuvintsev: traditsii i innovatsii [Wedding rites of the Tuvans: traditions and novelties]. In: Traditsii i innovatsii v sovremennom fol'klore narodov Sibiri [Traditions and novelties in contemporary folklore of Siberia’s nations]. Ed. by G. E. Soldatova. Novosibirsk, Arta. 135 p. Pp. 52–62. (In Russ.).

Boldyreva, I. M. (2015) On Kalmyk folk beliefs. Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 62–70.

Kalműckische Sprachproben [Kalmyk speech patterns] (1909). Coll. and publ. by G. J. Ramstedt. Part 1. Kalmyk fairy tales. Helsinki, Finno-Ugric Society. 154 p. (In Germ.).