The uses of tamga in Tuvan culture: Antiquity, traditionalism and modernity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2021.1.6Keywords:
tamga; use of tamga; tamga’s formative element; petroglyph; brand iron; Scythian culture; Tuvan culture; Tuva; TuvansAbstract
Tamgas as early items of historian and cultural heritage are of huge importance for historiographers, since they were widespread for a long period of time throughout the Eurasian steppes. In the light of relatively recent discoveries of tamgas of the Scythian times in Arzhan II kurgans, stelae and on Tuvan petroglyphs, old, traditional and contemporary tamga signs are becoming an attractive object for a comparative study. In this article, we aim to study the tamgas in use among early Tuvan nomads in comparison with traditional and contemporary signs in use among Tuvans. Also relying on archaeological and ethnographic materials, we have taken data from field expeditions to Tuvan cattle farms in 2014 and 2020 as our main source.
Scythian period tamgas in Tuva are most frequently found on stelae, rocks, personal objects and horse harness. The earliest find of such type was the one made in the 7th century BC Arzhan II kurgan. In the “royal” grave, tamgas were discovered on a gold torque and on a fragment of a horn shank. A widely established tradition of tamga use must have been in place by then.
In both traditional and contemporary Tuvan culture the use of the tamga has always been inseparable from branding cattle. Under traditional family organization of Tuvan nomadic life, tamgas were used as prove of ownership rights. And even though there is no acute practical need to keep using them now, Tuvans have preserved tamgas as an element of culture, used as they are less frequently than in early 20th century.
The forms of the tamga signs have been found to be quite stable, with almost all base tamga shapes having a close Scythian counterpart. Besides base shapes, some add-on elements have also been preserved – but the semantics of some tamgas must have significantly changed. Traditional tamga use and tamga-making rules have felt a strong impact of the arrival of writing and the policies of the Soviet Union. Thus tamga use among the peoples of contemporary Tuva is rooted in deep antiquity, going back at least to the early nomadic age.
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Ondar Ch. G., Byrynnai S. L. and Tyulyush A. Ch. The uses of tamga in Tuvan culture: Antiquity, traditionalism and modernity. New Research of Tuva, 2021, no. 1, pp. 107-130. (In Russ.). DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.25178/nit.2021.1.6
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Author Biographies
Choigan G. Ondar, Aldan Maadyr National Museum of the Republic of Tuva
Academic Secretary, Aldan Maadyr National Museum of the Republic of Tuva.
Postal address: 30 Titov St., 667000 Kyzyl, Russian Federation.
Tel.: +7 (394-22) 2-28-04.
Email: choygandi@mail.ru
Saida L. Byrynnai, Aldan Maadyr National Museum of the Republic of Tuva
Custodian, Department of Registering and Storing of the Collections, Aldan Maadyr National Museum of the Republic of Tuva.
Postal address: 30 Titov St., 667000 Kyzyl, Russian Federation.
Tel.: +7 (394-22) 2-28-04.
Email: saidabyrynnaj-68@mail.ru
Arzhaana Ch. Tyulyush, Comprehensive school No.1, Shagonar
Teacher of History and Society Studies, Comprehensive school No.1, Shagonar, Ulug-Khem rayon, Republic of Tuva.
Postal address: Oktyabrskaya St., 668210 Shagonar, Russian Federation.
Tel.: +7 (394) 362-18-50.
Email: tyulyush.arzhaana@mail.ru
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