The legal field of ethnic policy in the Republic of Tyva since 1991
Keywords:
Tuva; Tuvans; ethnic policy; ethnonational policy; ethnic community; legal status of ethnicities; regional policy; post-Soviet period; Russians in TuvaAbstract
The article examines the legal regulation of regional ethnonational policy in the Republic of Tuva in 1991-2016. We mark out three periods which correspond to the priorities federal and regional powers chose to determine their ethnic policies.
During the first of the three periods (1991-1996) legislators followed the logic of endowing the region’s titular ethnicity with a status of a core community, with other ethnic groups to develop by clustering around it. This was probably the most fruitful period for passing regional legislation which dealt with the issues of ethnic policy.
The second of the three periods (1996-2013) followed the practice of aligning regional ethnic policy with the general developments in the federal legal space. At the same time, specific ethnosocial situation in Tuva was taken into account. The local authorities focused on developing the region’s titular ethnicity – Tuvans, while guaranteeing full equality of all ethnocultural communities. Legislation largely follows regional priorities that might have deviated from the federal course. This allowed Tuva’s authorities to pursue a flexible policy, matching the specific needs of a particular interethnic community.
In the third period (since 2013), ethnic policy is focused on preserving and developing Tuva’s ethnocultural diversity, including the support of Russian language and ethnic Russians. At the moment, more than 10 laws dealing with these issues are in effect in the region, as well as a number of decrees of the Head of the republic, executive orders of its Cabinet of Ministers and special-purpose programs. In this article, we closely examine the regional program on “Strengthening the civic unity and ethnocultural development of ethnicities in the Republic of Tuva” (2013), as well as events organized under the aegis of this program. This proves the commitment of regional authorities to prioritizing ethnic culture and interethnic relations in the Republic of Tuva.
Overall, regional legislation has reflected the change in key priorities of regional policy in Tuva – from focusing on the rights of titular ethnicity in the 1990s to supporting ethnocultural variety on all levels, including the rights of ethnic Russians.
References
Anaiban, Z. V. (1999) Mezhnatsional'nye otnosheniia v Tuve v 90-e gody (po materialam etnosotsiologicheskikh issledovanii). Moscow, Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN. 336 p. (In Russ.).
Balakina, G. F. and Anaiban, Z. V. (2015) Dinamika mezhetnicheskikh otnoshenii i etnicheskikh stereotipov v Respublike Tyva. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, no 8, pp. 93-99. (In Russ.).
Biche-ool, S. M. and Samdan, A. A. (2012) Sovremennoe sostoianie olenevodstva v Respublike Tyva. Novye issledovaniia Tuvy, no. 1. [online] Available at: http://www.tuva.asia/journal/issue_13/4492-biche-oolsamdan.html (access date: 05.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Burukei, A. V. and Ondar, N. A. (2014) Iuridicheskie kollizii v svete gosudarstvennogo stroitel'stva na sovremennom etape (na primere Respubliki Tyva). Nauchno-metodicheskii elektronnyi zhurnal «Kontsept», vol. 20 [online] Available at: http://e-koncept.ru/2014/54697.htm (access date: 05.04.2016). (In Russ.).
V Kyzyle chestvovali pobeditelei internet-konkursa «Tuva chitaet russkikh klassikov» (2016). Ofitsial'nyi portal Respubliki Tyva. 12 February. [online] Available at: http://rtyva.ru/press_center/news/society/22647/ (access date: 18.04.2016). (In Russ.).
V selakh Tuvy budut ezhenedel'no provodit' Den' russkogo iazyka (2015). Newslab.ru, 20 November [online] Available at: http://newslab.ru/news/686429 (access date: 18.04.2016). (In Russ.).
V Tuve v God russkogo iazyka rodilis' initsiativy, dostoinye predlozheniia — Sholban Kara-ool (2014). Ofitsial'nyi portal Respubliki Tyva, 28 November [online] Available at: http://gov.tuva.ru/press_center/news/education/11607/ (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
V Tuve kolichestvo chabanov-tysiachnikov uvelichivaetsia za schet molodykh zhivotnovodov (2014). Ofitsial'nyi portal Respubliki Tyva. 4 February. [online] Available at: http://gov.tuva.ru/press_center/news/agriculture/6763/ (access date: 04.04.2016).(In Russ.).
V Tuve rasshiriaiut sfery ofitsial'nogo primeneniia tuvinskogo iazyka (2012). Tuva-Onlain, 18 September [online] Available at: http://www.tuvaonline.ru/2012/09/18/v-tuve-rasshiryayut-sfery-oficialnogo-primeneniya-tuvinskogo-yazyka.html (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 24 dekabria 1996 g. no. 705 «O zashchite prav natsional'nykh men'shinstv». Finansovo-pravovoe agentstvo [online] Available at: http://www.fpa.su/regzakon/tiva/zakon-respubliki-tiva-ot-24-dekabrya-1996-g-n-705-o-zaschite-prav-natsionalnich-menshinstv-prinyat-verchovnim-churalom-24-dekabrya-1996-g/ (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Tuvinskaia ASSR ot 14 dekabria 1990 g. no. 96 «O iazykakh v Tuvinskoi ASSR» (1990). Spravochno-pravovaia sistema «Pravo.ru» [online] Available at: http://docs.pravo.ru/document/view/14459985/10831101/ (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Kan, V. (2014) Natsional'no–kul'turnye avtonomii: pochemu tak vazhna registratsiia. Plius Inform, 17 February [online] Available at: http://plusinform.ru/most/5426-nacionalnokulturnye-avtonomii-pochemu-tak-vazhna-registraciya.html (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Kan-ool Davaa: Konstitutsiia Tuvy 1993 g. reorganizovala sistemu gosudarstvennoi vlasti respubliki (2013). Tuva-Onlain, 21 October [online] Available at: http://www.tuvaonline.ru/2013/10/21/kan-ool-davaa-konstituciya-1993-goda-reorganizovala-sistemu-gosudarstvennoy-vlasti-respubliki.html (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Katunin, D. A. (2009) Iazykovoe zakonodatel'stvo v respublikakh Sibiri. Iazyk i kul'tura, no. 4 (8), pp. 13–23. (In Russ.).
Konstitutsiia Tuvy ot 12 oktiabria 1993 g. (tekushchaia redaktsiia po sostoianiiu na 10 iiunia 1996 goda). Predprinimatel'skoe pravo [online] Available at:http://www.businesspravo.ru/Docum/DocumShow_DocumID_65634.html (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Kuzhuget, A. K. (2010) Tuvintsy i russkie v kontekste izucheniia chuvstva natsional'nogo dostoinstva (postanovka problemy). Novye issledovaniia Tuvy, no. 3 [online] Available at: http://www.tuva.asia/journal/issue_7/2121-kujuget.html (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Lamazhaa, Ch. K. (2008) Tuva mezhdu proshlym i budushchim. Moscow, Voskhod-A. 500 p. (In Russ.).
Lamazhaa, Ch. K. (2013) Arkhaizatsiia obshchestva. Tuvinskii fenomen. Moscow, Izdatel'skii dom «Librokom». 272 p. (In Russ.).
Mongush, M. V. (2013) O dvukh ekspeditsiiakh v Todzhu. Novye issledovaniia Tuvy, no. 1 [online] Available at: http://www.tuva.asia/journal/issue_17/5968-mongush.html (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
O kul'ture (s izmeneniiami na: 10.03.2016). Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 03 aprelia 1995 goda no. 261. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802048824 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
O merakh po gosudarstvennoi podderzhke chabanov, imeiushchikh 1000 i bolee golov melkogo rogatogo skota. Pravitel'stvo Respubliki Tyva. Postanovlenie ot 15 sentiabria 2010 goda no. 375. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii. [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/906701 (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
O plemennom zhivotnovodstve. Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 26 dekabria 1995 goda no. 452. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii. [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802050726 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
O poriadke i srokakh napravleniia obshchinoi korennogo malochislennogo naroda tuvintsev-todzhintsev soobshcheniia ob izmenenii v Ustav, o reshenii o likvidatsii ili samorospuske. Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 10 iiunia 2011 goda no. 678 VH-I. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/453102250 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
O prave grazhdan na ob"edinenie. Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 04.05.1995 no. 252. Informatsionnyi portal Respubliki Tyva [online] Available at: http://tuva.regnews.org/doc/aq/xl.htm (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
O rodovoi obshchine korennogo malochislennogo naroda tuvintsev-todzhintsev. Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 06 iiulia 2004 goda no. 802 VH-I. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802052442 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
O svobode sovesti i religioznykh organizatsiiakh (s izmeneniiami na: 06.11.2015). Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 01 aprelia 1995 goda no. 253. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802048821 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
O iazykakh v Respublike Tyva. Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 31 dekabria 2003 goda no. 462 VH-1. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802019672 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Ob aratskom (krest'ianskom) khoziaistve. Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 06 iiulia 1995 goda no. 355. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/906701732 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Ob imenakh, otchestvakh i familiiakh grazhdan Rossiiskoi Federatsii, prozhivaiushchikh na territorii Respubliki Tyva. Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 20 fevralia 1996 goda no. 496. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802048652 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Ob otnesenii territorii Respubliki Tyva k raionam Krainego Severa i priravnennym k nim mestnostiam. Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/9005787 (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Ob okhrane nematerial'nogo kul'turnogo naslediia Respubliki Tyva. Zakon Respubliki Tyva ot 17 ianvaria 2013 goda no. 1770 VH-I. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii. [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/453363273 (access date: 20.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Ob ustanovlenii Dnia khoomeia v Respublike Tyva. Ukaz Glavy RT ot 12.08.2015 no. 133. Informatsionnyi portal Respubliki Tyva [online] Available at: http://tuva.regnews.org/doc/mq/07.htm (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Ob utverzhdenii gosudarstvennoi programmy Respubliki Tyva «Ukreplenie grazhdanskogo edinstva i natsional'no-kul'turnoe razvitie narodov respubliki tyva na 2014–2016 gody» (s izmeneniiami na: 16.05.2014). Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/430502436 (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Ob utverzhdenii kontseptsii gosudarstvennoi natsional'noi politiki Respubliki Tyva. Prezident Respubliki Tyva. Ukaz ot 22 aprelia 1998 goda no. 217. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/906701133 (access date: 04.05.2016). (In Russ.).
Ob utverzhdenii Kontseptsii gosudarstvennoi natsional'noi politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (utratil silu na osnovanii Ukaza Prezidenta RF ot 19.12.2012 no. 1666). Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Pravovoi fond elektronnoi i normativno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [online] Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/9018776 (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Ondar, Ch.-D. B. (2012) Priniatie Deklaratsii o gosudarstvennom suverenitete Sovetskoi Respubliki Tuva. Novye issledovaniia Tuvy, no. 2 [online] Available at: http://www.tuva.asia/journal/issue_14/4816-ondar.html (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Postanovlenie Pravitel'stva Respubliki Tyva ot 18 oktiabria 2013 g. no. 608 «Ob utverzhdenii gosudarstvennoi programmy Respubliki Tyva “Razvitie Russkogo iazyka na 2014–2018 gody”» (s izmeneniiami i dopolneniiami). Portal «Garant» [online] Available at: http://base.garant.ru/28718264/ (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Strategiia gosudarstvennoi natsional'noi politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii na period do 2025 goda (2012). Ofitsial'nyi sait Administratsii Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii [online] Available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/36512 (access date: 04.05.2016). (In Russ.).
Ukaz Glavy Respubliki Tyva «O dne tuvinskogo iazyka» (2016). Ofitsial'nyi portal Respubliki Tyva. 18 January [online] Available at: http://gov.tuva.ru/press_center/news/society/22243/ (access date: 04.04.2016). (In Russ.).
Federal'nyi zakon ot 30.04.1999 no. 82-FZ (red. ot 13.07.2015) «O garantiiakh prav korennykh malochislennykh narodov Rossiiskoi Federatsii». Konsul'tantPlius [online] Available at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_22928/ (access date: 04.05.2016). (In Russ.).
Kharunova, M. M.-B. (2010) Problemy vozrozhdeniia natsional'noi kul'tury v Tuve v postsovetskii period. Novye issledovaniia Tuvy, no. 2 [online] Available at: http://www.tuva.asia/journal/issue_6/1722-harunova.html (access date: 04.05.2016). (In Russ.).
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Author Biography
Inna S. Tarbastaeva, Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Postgraduate student and Junior Research Fellow, Sector of Ethnosocial Research.
Research advisor: Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Yu. V. Popkov.
Postal address: 8 Nikolayeva St., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
Tel.: +7 (383) 330-22-40.
E-mail: inna-tarbastaeva@yandex.ru
Author(s) license holder(s) grant rights for their work to the journal (grantee of a license) under the simple non-exclusive open license in accordance with Art. 1286.1 «Open license for a research work, work of literature or fine arts», Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
New Research of Tuva publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC).
Since it is an open license, author(s) reserve the right to upload the article to their institutional repository, submit it to another journal (if it allows republications), or republish it on their own website (in full, or in part).
However, several conditions apply here:
a) The republished version must always contain the name(s) and affiliation(s) of the author(s), the original title and the hyperlink to the original version on the New Research of Tuva website;
b) It must be in open access, free of charge, and no category of readers must be in any way whatsoever advantaged over general readership.
c) should the contribution be submitted elsewhere by its author(s) without substantial modification (30% or more of original text unchanged), the body of the article should contain a disclaimer that the original version was published in New Research of Tuva (with a link to the respective page)
The CC-BY-NC is a non-revocable license which applies worldwide and lasts for the duration of the work’s copyright.
