Ethnic groups in Tuva and their adaptation to market economy
Keywords:
Tuva; Tuvans; Russians in Tuva; ethnic groups; social adaptation; adaptation to market economy; labor behaviorAbstract
Studying the issue of how ethnic groups in Tuva adapt to contemporary social and economic transformations is of special importance at the moment due to the fact that Tuva is an ethnically heterogeneous region, and also because the issue of such adaptation has not been sufficiently studied so far. The ethnic and cultural profile of the population of a certain region is also important for assessing the prospects of its development.
In order to study the whole scope of techniques, pace and scale of ethnic groups’ adaptation to the transforming environment, the authors of this article launched and led two public opinion polls (2010 and 2014). A representative sample of 400 residents of Tuva of working age was polled by means of a questionnaire.
The analysis of the data thus obtained shows that the adaptation patterns in various ethnic groups (primarily Tuvans and Russians) are different. An additional obstacle ethnic Russians face is that they have to adapt to both new socioeconomic situation and new ethnopolitical reality. While basic value orientations of ethnic Russians and Tuvans are quite similar, in the issues of equality and social mobility Russians, including the younger generation, still feel more disadvantaged than Tuvans. Low confidence in the future cripples their self-esteem, especially concerning career prospects and social mobility.
Ethnic Tuvans feel more confident in their future due to their trust in kinship and territorial networks. Nevertheless, the overall adaptation level remains rather low, with a marked prevalence of paternalist expectations and passive outlook.
In general, it is quite clear that the level of adaptation to the realities of the new economy does not match the requirements of the region’s social and economic development. The degree of frustration and deprivation among the population of Tuva is still high. Opinion polls show a rise of pro-migration mood: while Russians aim to move out of the region, ethnic Tuvans plan to relocate to the urban areas of Tuva.
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Author Biographies
Galina F. Balakina, Tuvan Institute for Complex Development of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Doctor of Economics, Chief Research Fellow.
Postal address: 117a Internatsional'naya St., Kyzyl, Russian Federation 667007.
Tel./fax: +7 (39422) 6-62-18.
E-mail: balakina.gal@yandex.ru
Ai-Kys Ch. Kylgydai, Tuvan Institute for Complex Development of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Research Fellow, Laboratory of Regional Economy.
Research advisor – Doctor of Economics, Professor G.N. Balakina.
Postal address: 117aInternatsional'naya St., Kyzyl, Russian Federation 667007.
Tel./fax: +7 (39422) 6-62-18.
E-mail: aikys_k@mail.ru
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