Русско-урянхайский суд в период протектората

Vera M. Damdynchap

doi:10.25178/nit.2019.1.10

Authors

Vera M. Damdynchap Tuvan State University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2019.1.10

Keywords:

Uriankhai region; Tuva; Tuvan history; history of law; customary law; protectorate; court; land disputes; system of punishment; Resettlement department

Abstract

The article analyzes the problems of legal regulation of social relations between Tuvans and Russians in Tuva under the protectorate of the Russian Empire, and of resettlement of Russian peasants to the region in 1914–1917. For our sources, we have used unpublished materials from the State Archives of the Republic of Tyva, the Research Archives of the Tuvan Institute for the Humanities and Applied Socio-Economic Studies, as well as some other collections.

The regime of the protectorate assumed Tuva’s dependence on Russia in foreign affairs, while allowing it to maintain internal autonomy. Administrative control was in the hands of the Irkutsk Governor-General, but the system of administration itself had not change, and neither did the position of the noyons, their powers and the effect of customary law. Russian immigrants claimed plots of land in accordance with private agreements with officials or wealthy Tuvans, and since 1912, the Resettlement department had also been involved. However, the uncertainty of the legal status of migrants complicated their position in Tuva.

The article provides examples of numerous peasants’ complaints about their land disputes with Tuvans. Grievous crimes perpetrated by a member of one ethnic community against that of the other, or within the Tuvan community, were reviewed by the Russian Volost’ Court, and those less severe, by the Uriankhai court. In 1915 a mixed Russian-Uriankhai court was set up, composed of elected representatives of the Russian community and local authorities. The newly-established mixed court failed to fully resolve land disputes, but had a positive impact on the Russian-Tuvan relations.

References

Aranchyn, Yu. L. (1957) Istoricheskoe znachenie prisoedineniya Tuvy k Rossii v 1914 godu [The historical significance of the accession of Tuva to Russia in 1914]. Uchenye zapiski TNIIYALI. Kyzyl. Vol. 5, pp. 142–158. (In Russ.).

Aranchyn, Yu. L. (1982) Istoricheskij put' tuvinskogo naroda k socializmu. [The historical path of the Tuvan people to socialism]. Novosibirsk, Nauka. 337 p. (In Russ.).

Bezgin, V. B. (2015) Volostnoi sud: osobennosti sudoproizvodstva [Volost’ courts: features of legal proceedings]. In: Nauchnye trudy. Rossijskaya akademiya yuridicheskih nauk [Research papers of the Russian Academy of Law], ed. by V. V. Grib. Moscow, Yurist. 1320 p. Pp. 68–72. (In Russ.).

Grumm-Grzhimailo, G. E. (1930) Zapadnaya Mongoliya i Uryanhaiskii krai [Western Mongolia and Uryankhai Territory]. Vol. III, issue 2. Moscow, Leningrad. 859 p. (In Russ.).

Damdynchap, V. M. (2006) Vladenie i sobstvennost' v obychnom prave tuvintsev [Ownership and property in Tuvan customary law]. In: Pravo v zerkale zhizni. Issledovaniya po yuridicheskoj antropologii [Law in the mirror of life. Studies in legal anthropology], ed. by N. I. Novikova. Moscow, Publishing house «Strategiya». 400 p. Pp. 215–231. (In Russ.).

Damdynchap, V. M. (2009) Pravovaya akkul'turatsiia obychnogo prava tuvintsev [Legal acculturation of Tuvan customary law]. In: Narody i kul'tury Yuzhnoi Sibiri i sopredel'nykh territorii: istoriya, sovremennoe sostoyanie, perspektivy [Peoples and cultures of southern Siberia and adjacent territories: history, current state, prospects]. Ed. by V. N. Tuguzhekova. Abakan, Hakasskoe knizhnoe izd-vo. 186 p. Pp. 73–78. (In Russ.).

Datsyshen, V. G. (2002) Usinskii pogranichnyi okrug. Vlast' i obshchestvo v pogranichnom regione [Usinsk border district. Power and society in a border region]. In: Vlast' i obshchestvo. Regional'nye aspekty problemy. (K 180-letiyu obrazovaniya Enisejskoj gubernii) [Power and society. Regional aspects of the problem. (To the 180th anniversary of the formation of the Yenisei province)] / ed. by V. I. Fedorova. Krasnoyarsk, Klaretianum. 186 p. Pp. 34–37. (In Russ.).

Datsyshen, V. G. (2005) Sayanskii rubezh. Yuzhnaya chast' Prienisejskogo kraya i russko-tuvinskie otnosheniya 1616–1911 gg. [The Sayany line. The southern part of the Yenisei region and the Russian-Tuvan relations in 1616-1911]. Tomsk, STT. 250 p. (In Russ.).

Dulov, V. I. (1956) Sotsial'no-politicheskaia istoriya Tuvy: XIX — nachalo XX v. [Social and political history of Tuva: 19th and early XX century]. Moscow, AN SSSR Publ. 326 p. (In Russ.).

Iezuitov, V. M. (1956) Ot Tuvy feodal'noi k Tuve sotsialisticheskoi [From feudal to socialist Tuva]. Kyzyl, Tuvan book publisher. 208 p. (In Russ.).

Istoriya Tuvy [The History of Tuva] (1964) / ed. by S. K. Toka. Moscow, Nauka. Vol. I. 455 p. (In Russ.).

Istoriya Tuvy [The History of Tuva] (2001) / ed. by S. I. Vainshtein and M. H. Mannai-ool. Novosibirsk, Nauka. Vol. I. 367 p. (In Russ.).

Kon, F. Ya. (1914) Usinskii kraj [Usinsky region] / Notes of the Krasnoyarsk subdivision of the IRGO. Notes on Geography. Vol. II. Issue I. Krasnoyarsk, Printing house M. I. Abalakov. 111 p. (In Russ.).

Kuznecov, S. V. (1999) Obychnoe pravo v russkoi derevne i gosudarstvennoe zakonodatel'stvo vo vtoroi polovine XIX veka [Customary law in the Russian countryside and state legislation in the second half of the 19th century]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, no. 5, pp. 97–110. (In Russ.).

Menshchikov, I. S. (2016) Volostnoi sud kak khranitel' traditsionnykh norm povedeniya v russkoi derevne [Volost’ court as a keeper of the traditional norms of behaviour in the Russian countryside]. Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Theory and practice, no. 6–1 (68), pp. 119–124. (In Russ.).

Rodevich, V. (1910) Ocherk Uryankhaiskogo kraya (Mongol'skogo basseina reki Eniseya) [Essays of the Uryankhai region (Mongolian basin of the Yenisei River)]. St. Petersburg, Tipografiya Ministerstva putei soobshcheniya. 268 p. (In Russ.).

Tatarinceva, M. P. and Storozhenko, A. A. (2015) Staroobryadtsy v Tuve: retrospektiva i sovremennost' [Old Believers in Tuva: a retrospective and modernity.]. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 144 p. (In Russ.).

Ustanovlenie pokrovitel'stva Rossii nad Tuvoi v 1914 g. [Establishment of the patronage of Russia over Tuva in 1914] (1994) : Archival documents / comp. by V. A. Dubrovskii. Kyzyl, Tuvan book publisher. 36 p. (In Russ.).