Хошуты Калмыкии и Монголии: историко-этнографический очерк

Elza P. Bakaeva

doi:10.25178/nit.2017.1.6

Authors

Elza P. Bakaeva Kalmyk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2017.1.6

Keywords:

Khoshuts; Mongol-speaking peoples; Kalmykia; Kalmyks; Mongolia; Torguts; sub-ethnic group

Abstract

The article offers a comparative analysis of the history of Khoshuts in Kalmykia and Mongolia. Being a part of the Oirat union in Western Mongolia since the 15^th century, the Khoshuts are nevertheless East Mongolian in their ancestry. They currently live in Mongolia, Russian and China. In Mongolia, they are considered a sub-group of the Torguts, but preserve the memory of their distinct ethnic identity. In Russia, Khoshuts live mostly in Kalmykia and are considered a sub-group of the latter. In China, the Khoshut population is concentrated in Inner Mongolia.

In the 15-17^th centuries, Khoshuts were one of the most powerful ethnopolitical entities within the Oirat union. Their ancestry stems back to East Mongolian ethnic groups: the Khoshut noyons were direct descendants of Habutu Hasar, Genghis Khan’s brother. Etymologically, the word ‘Khoshut’ means ‘spike’, ‘wedge’ or ‘wedge-shaped battle formation’. In the mid-16^th century, Khoshuts played an important role in the revival of the Derben-Oirat union. In the 17^th century, the majority of Khoshuts led by Güshi Khan settled in the vicinity of Kokonur, where they founded an independent khanate. A minority of Khoshuts moved on to Russia and joined the Kalmyk ethnicity as a sub-group.

Khoshuts have had a fascinating history and preserve the memory of their distinct identity. Khoshuts in Kalmykia and in Bulgan somon of Khovd aimag are linked to different entities within the Khoshut ethnopolitical union of the 17^th century. At the same time, Khoshuts in both countries remember their specific genealogies: the Bulgan Khoshuts, dating back to the Ovog Hairtynhan (Bordzhigin), and the Kalmyk Khoshuts, to the Zyyasngud tribe and their common ancestors.

Our study is based on literary sources, publications of Mongol scholars and local historians, and on the field observations by the author.

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