Ethnic and Social Features of Employment in the Republics of Tuva and Bashkortostan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2021.4.15Keywords:
employment; ethnic and social factor; labor status; standard of living; social structure; sociocultural factor; Republic of Tuva; Republic of Bashkortostan; Tuvans; Bashkir; Bashkirs; Russians in TuvaAbstract
The article deals with a comparative analysis of the features of employment in two republics of the Russian Federation — Bashkortostan and Tuva. They differ from each other in the structure of the economies, the pace of modernization, human potential, and the ethnic composition of the population. Nevertheless, they both are republics with titular ethnic groups, and they have overt ethnic and social characteristics of the development. The authors analyze the ethnic and social features of the population’s employment in the republics and of labor mobility, including those revealed in assessments of the residents. The source base of the research comprises statistical data and materials of the authors’ sociological survey “Ethnic Features of Human Potential Development in the Economies of the Republics of the Russian Federation” that was conducted in both republics in 2021. The sample was representative.
It has turned out that residents of Tuva estimate their ethnicity comparatively higher than the people of Bashkortostan. The value and significance of ethnicity for inhabitants of Tuva and Bashkortostan decline considerably if they work in precarious employment conditions (casual labor). The value of ethnicity is connected with confidence in the sustainability of one’s position in the labor market. Residents of Tuva who are sure that they will not lose their jobs declare the significance of their nationality more often than respondents from Bashkortostan.
In the opinion of the respondents from the two republics, ethnic background affects the possibilities for expanding educational strategies, a successful employment, a well-paid job and an opportunity to start and run a small business. According to the respondents, opportunities for career growth and professional development are relatively higher in the Republic of Bashkortostan than in the Republic of Tuva. At the same time, the Bashkirs are less satisfied with their opportunities for development in the labor sphere than representatives of other nationalities of Bashkortostan. The Tuvans are more pleased with their career opportunities than the Russians in the Republic of Tuva, but both the Russians and Tuvans equally assess the prospects for acquiring an education and improving their qualifications.
References
Avetov, G. M. (2010) Vliianie etnicheskogo faktora na formirovanie rossiiskoi sistemy predprinimatel'stva: osnovnye aspekty [The influence of the ethnic factor on the formation of Russian entrepreneurship system: Main aspects]. Ekonomicheskie nauki, no. 72, pp. 51–55. (In Russ.).
Anaiban, Z. V. and Tiukhteneva, S. P. (2008) Etnokul'turnaia adaptatsiia naseleniia Iuzhnoi Sibiri (sovremennyi period) [Ethnocultural adaptation of the population of Southern Siberia in the contemporary period]. Moscow, Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS. 217 p. (In Russ.).
Balakina, G. F. (1996) Ekonomika regiona v period reform: Respublika Tyva. [The region’s economy in the reform period: The Republic of Tuva]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ. 96 p. (In Russ.).
Balakina, G. F. (2011) Strategii razvitiia Respubliki Tuva kak depressivnogo regiona [Development strategies of the Republic of Tuva as a depressed region]. Ekonomicheskoe vozrozhdenie Rossii, no. 4 (30), pp. 99–107. (In Russ.).
Balakina, G. F. and Anaiban, Z. V. (1995) Sovremennaia Tuva: sotsiokul'turnye i etnicheskie protsessy [Contemporary Tuva: Socio-cultural and ethnic processes]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ. 137 p. (In Russ.).
Balakina, G. F. and Kylgydai, A. Ch. (2015) Etnoregional'nye modeli adaptatsii k rynku truda v Tuve [Ethno-regional models of adaptation to the labour market in Tuva]. Kyzyl, Tuvinian Institute for Exploration of Natural Resources of the Siberian Branch of the RAS. 160 p. (In Russ.).
Valiakhmetov, R. M., Kadyrov, S. Kh. and Yagafarova, D. G. (2013) Ekonomicheskii i sotsial'nyi kapital bashkirskogo naroda [Economic and social capital of the Bashkir people]. RUDN Journal of Sociology, no. 2, pp. 51–63. (In Russ.).
Galiev, G. T., Giliazitdinov, Dzh. M. and Latypova, F. B. (1994) Etnicheskaia stratifikatsiia i ee vliianie na mezhnatsional'nye otnosheniia [Ethnic stratification and its influence on interethnic relations]. Ufa, Salavat City Printing House of the Ministry of Printing of the Republic of Bashkortostan. 40 p. (In Russ.).
Golenkova, Z. T. and Samba, A. D.-B. (2019) Proshloe, nastoiashchee i budushchee sotsial'nogo prostranstva v regione [The past, present and future of social space in the region]. Informatsionno-analiticheskii biulleten' Instituta sotsiologii FNISTs RAN, no. 3. Osobennosti sotsial'noi stratifikatsii v Respublike Tyva [Features of social stratification in the Republic of Tuva], pp. 5–17. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/inab.2019.3.1
Gusakov, T. Yu. (2019) Mnogoukladnost' sovremennogo etnicheskogo regiona Rossii: arkhaizatsiia, agrarizatsiia i migratsii (na primere Respubliki Tyva) [The multistructure of the contemporary ethnic region in Russia: Archaization, agrarianization and migration (The case of the Republic of Tuva)]. Russian Peasant Studies, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 76–95. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2019-4-4-76-95
Drobizheva, L. M. (2021) Opyt 1990-kh gg. i upravlenie kul'turnym mnogoobraziem [1990s experience and cultural diversity management]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, no. 8, pp. 51–61. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S013216250015254-2
Irnazarov, R. I. (1997) Ravenstvo etnosov v Respublike Bashkortostan [Equality of ethnic groups in the Republic of Bashkortostan]. Ufa, Gilem Publ. 160 p. (In Russ.).
Irnazarov, R. I. (2015) K voprosu o differentsiatsii etnosov v Bashkortostane [Regarding the issue of ethnic differentiation in Bashkortostan]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, no. 8, pp. 56–60. (In Russ.).
Lapin, N. I. (2014) Problemy formirovaniia kontseptsii i chelovecheskikh izmerenii strategii poetapnoi modernizatsii Rossii i ee regionov [Issues of concept and human dimensions making of the gradual modernization strategy for Russia and its regions]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, no. 7, pp. 8–19. (In Russ.).
Markarian, V. R. and Murashko, S. Ph. (2016) Etnos i etnicheskaia identichnost' kak resurs sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia regiona [Ethnos and ethnic identity as a resource for socio-economic development of the region]. Etnosotsium i mezhnatsional'naia kul'tura, no. 6 (96), pp. 60–68. (In Russ.).
Pavlov, K. V. (2016) Etnomenedzhment kak sostavnaia chast' etnoekonomiki [Ethnomanagement as a part of ethnoeconomy]. Vestnik Instituta ekonomicheskikh issledovanii, no. 2 (2), pp. 13–28. (In Russ.).
Perova, E. Yu. (2016) Etnicheskaia ekonomika kak napravlenie povysheniia effektivnosti ispol'zovaniia sotsial'nykh resursov regiona [Ethnic economy as a way to boost effective use of regional social resources]. Izvestiia Baikal'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 705–712. (In Russ.).
Pechura, O. V. (2009) Etnicheskii faktor v razvitii ekonomiki regiona [Ethnic factor in the development of the region’s economy]. Izvestiia Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo ekonomicheskogo universiteta, no. 2 (24), pp. 138–143. (In Russ.).
Popkov, Yu. V. (2020) Sovremennaia rossiiskaia natsional'naia politika: kontseptual'no-tselevye osnovy i opyt realizatsii (na primere Tuvy) [Contemporary Russian national policy: Conceptual and target bases and implementation experience (The case of Tuva)]. New Research of Tuva, no. 3, pp. 253–268. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2020.3.18
Popkov, Yu. V. and Tiugashev E. A. (2018) Etnokul'tura i ekonomika: sinergiia vozmozhnostei [Ethnoculture and economy: Synergy of opportunities]. EKO, no. 5, pp. 8–27. (In Russ.).
Popod'ko, G. I. (2017) Puti preodoleniia neravenstva sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia otstalykh regionov (na primere Respubliki Tyva) [Ways to overcome the inequalities of socio-economic development of backward regions: Evidence from the Republic of Tuva]. Regional'naia ekonomika: teoriia i praktika, no. 2, pp. 315–328. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24891/re.15.2.315
Salchak, A. R. (2020) Analiz sostoianiia rynka truda Respubliki Tyva [Analysis of the state of the labor market in the Republic of Tuva]. Ekonomika: vchera, segodnia, zavtra, vol. 10, no. 7A, pp. 191–200. (In Russ.).
Samba, A. D. (2020) Osnovnye izmeneniia v sotsial'no-trudovom prostranstve Respubliki Tyva [Major changes in the socio-labor space of the Republic of Tuva]. Ekonomika i upravlenie: nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal, no. 1, pp. 47–50. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.34773/EU.2020.1.12
Sotsial'noe neravenstvo etnicheskikh grupp: predstavleniia i real'nost' [Social inequality of ethnic groups: Perceptions and reality] (2002) / ed. by L. M. Drobizheva. Moscow, Academia Publ. 480 p. (In Russ.).
Sotsial'no-stratifikatsionnye protsessy v Respublike Tyva [Socio-stratification processes in the Republic of Tuva] (2020) / Z. T. Golenkova et al., ed. by Z. T. Golenkova, Yu. V. Goliusova and P. E. Sushko. Moscow ; Kyzyl, FCTAS RAS. 128 p. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/monogr.978-5-89697-332-4.2020
Tarbastaeva, I. S. (2018) Tuva prevrashchaetsia v monoetnichnyi region: riski i perspektivy [Tuva’s transformation into a monoethnic region: Risks and possibilities]. EKO, no. 5 (527), pp. 65–80. (In Russ.).
Tishkov, V. A. (2005) Rynochnaia ekonomika i etnicheskaia sreda [Market economy and ethnic environment]. Obshchestvo i ekonomika, no. 12, pp. 20–37. (In Russ.).
Trud, zaniatost' i chelovecheskoe razvitie: Doklad o razvitii chelovecheskogo potentsiala v respublike Bashkortostan [Labor, employment and human development: A report on human development in the Republic of Bashkortostan] (2015) / R. M. Valiakhmetov, A. M. Allaiarova, M. V. Artamonova et al. Ufa, Vostochnaia pechat' Publ. 360 p. (In Russ.).
Faizullin, F. S. and Faizullin, T. F. (2014) Regional'nye osobennosti sotsial'nogo razvitiia etnicheskikh obshchnostei [Regional features in the social development of ethnic communities]. Vestnik Akademii nauk Respubliki Bashkortostan, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 67–75. (In Russ.).
Chetyrova, L. B. (2019) Transformatsiia truda v postsovremennom mire: resursy integratsii etnicheskoi trudovoi kul'tury (na primere Tuvy i Kalmykii) [The transformation of work in the postmodern world: Resources for integrating ethnic work culture (The case of Tuva and Kalmykia)]. New Research of Tuva, no. 3, pp. 77–88. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2019.3.7
Published
How to Cite
For citation:
Valiakhmetov R. M., Baimurzina G. R., Turakayev M. S. and Samba A. D.-B. Etnosotsial’nye osobennosti zaniatosti naseleniia v respublikakh Tuva i Bashkortostan [Ethnic and Social Features of Employment in the Republics of Tuva and Bashkortostan]. New Research of Tuva, 2021, no. 4, pp. 206-222 (In Russ.). DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.25178/nit.2021.4.15
Issue
Section
Author Biographies
Rim M. Valiakhmetov, Bashkir State University
Candidate of Sociology, Dean, Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology; Head, Scientific Laboratory of Social and Demographic Research, Bashkir State University.
Postal address: 3/4 Karl Marx St., 450076 Ufa, Russian Federation.
Tel.: +7 (963) 898-61-48.
E-mail: rim_m_sifat@inbox.ru
Guzel R. Baimurzina, Bashkir Branch of the FCTAS RAS; Bashkir State University
Candidate of Economics, Director, Bashkir Branch of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Leading Specialist, Scientific Laboratory of Social and Demographic Research, Bashkir State University.
Postal address: 20/1, 50th Anniversary of October St., 450005 Ufa, Russian Federation.
Tel.: +7 (917) 755-99-74.
E-mail: guzrim@mail.ru
Marсel S. Turakayev, Bashkir State University; Bashkir Branch of the FCTAS RAS
Candidate of Sociology, Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology and Youth Work, Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology, Bashkir State University; Senior Researcher, Bashkir Branch of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Postal address: 3/4 Karl Marx St., 450076 Ufa, Russian Federation.
Tel.: +7 (965) 656-28-82.
E-mail: mturakaev@gmail.com
Anna D.-B. Samba, Institute of Sociology of the FCTAS RAS
Junior Research Fellow, Institute of Sociology of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Postal address: Bldg. 5, 24/35 Krzhizhanovskogo St., 117218 Moscow, Russian Federation.
Tel.: +7 (995) 550-56-56.
E-mail: sundui2012@yandex.ru
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author(s) license holder(s) grant rights for their work to the journal (grantee of a license) under the simple non-exclusive open license in accordance with Art. 1286.1 «Open license for a research work, work of literature or fine arts», Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
New Research of Tuva publishes articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC).
Since it is an open license, author(s) reserve the right to upload the article to their institutional repository, submit it to another journal (if it allows republications), or republish it on their own website (in full, or in part).
However, several conditions apply here:
a) The republished version must always contain the name(s) and affiliation(s) of the author(s), the original title and the hyperlink to the original version on the New Research of Tuva website;
b) It must be in open access, free of charge, and no category of readers must be in any way whatsoever advantaged over general readership.
c) should the contribution be submitted elsewhere by its author(s) without substantial modification (30% or more of original text unchanged), the body of the article should contain a disclaimer that the original version was published in New Research of Tuva (with a link to the respective page)
The CC-BY-NC is a non-revocable license which applies worldwide and lasts for the duration of the work’s copyright.
